Humanized anti-tau antibodies

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds tau, the antibody or fragment comprising a heavy chain variable (VH) region and a light chain variable (VL) region having amino acid sequences set forth herein. Also provided are methods of preventing or treating a tauopathy in a subject, comprising administering to a human in need of therapy for a tauopathy with one or more antibodies or fragments as described herein, wherein the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are administered under conditions and in an amount effective to prevent or treat the tauopathy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/257,086, filed Sep. 6, 2016, which is a continuation of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2015/038002, filed on Jun. 26, 2015, which claimsbenefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Ser. No.62/170,036, filed Jun. 2, 2015, U.S. Ser. No. 62/080,903, filed Nov. 17,2014, and U.S. Ser. No. 62/018,436, filed Jun. 27, 2014, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Aug. 23, 2018, isnamed 397835-215C2(159114)_SL.txt and is 43,082 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of humanized antibodies andantigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to tau and methods of usingsuch antibodies to treat tauopathies. In particular, the presentinvention relates to a humanized antibody and antigen-binding fragmentsthat bind to specific epitopes of tau and prevent tau seeding.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tauopathies have in common the accumulation of insoluble,hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain. More than 20 differentneurodegenerative disorders are characterized by some degree ofneurofibrillary degeneration and can be classified as tauopathies(Williams 2006). Prototypical tauopathies, such as progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) arecharacterized by tau inclusions being the sole or predominant centralnervous system lesions. Prototypical tauopathies differ from othertauopathies where tau aggregates are found in the presence of otherneuropathological features, like the amyloid beta (AP3) plaques found inAlzheimer's disease (AD) or the Lewy bodies found in Parkinson's disease(PD). In these non-prototypical tauopathies, it is more uncertain if thetau pathology represents the primary disease driver or if it issecondary to other protein misfolding and neurodegeneration.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, also known asSteele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) is a progressive neurodegenerativedisorder, with an estimated annual incidence of 5-7 per 100,000 (Golbe2014). Within the US, the disease affects approximately 20,000individuals. There is no apparent geographical, ethnic, gender, orracial disparity in PSP frequency. PSP can initially present withclinical symptoms similar to other brain disorders, including idiopathicParkinson's disease. For this reason, correct diagnosis of PSP issometimes delayed, usually taking place 1 to 3 years after the initialonset of clinical symptoms. Symptom onset is most often between the agesof 50 to 70 years and although the clinical course is variable, thetypical survival from time of symptom onset is 5 to 9 years (Houghton,2007). Though heterogeneity in clinical presentation exists, the mostcommon and initially described PSP syndrome, now referred to asRichardson's Syndrome, are the presence of prominent posturalinstability and axial rigidity leading to falls, supranuclear gaze palsycausing range of vision impairment, frontal-subcortical dementia, anddysphagia leading to aspiration. The course of disease is progressiveand uniformly fatal (Williams and Lees 2009).

Pathologically, PSP is characterized by the abnormal accumulation ofhyper phosphorylated, insoluble aggregates of tau protein in neurons andglia in the brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex(Williams and Lees 2009). The degree and distribution of tau aggregationin PSP is strongly correlated with PSP symptomatology during life(Schofield et al. 2012). The National Institute of NeurologicalDisorders and the Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy(NINDS-SPSP) research criteria which describe Richardson's Syndrome arehighly predictive of underlying PSP pathology (Litvan et al. 1996).Neuronal loss in various regions of the brain accompaniesneurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that are composed of tau aggregates.Multiple neurotransmitter abnormalities arise as well, including thoseaffecting specific dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, andnoradrenergic systems.

There are no currently approved treatments for PSP (Stamelou et al.2010). The negative outcomes of therapeutic efficacy studies in PSPpreclude recommending an evidence-based standard therapy (Boxer et al.2014). In the absence of any effective disease modifying orneuroprotective therapies, PSP represents an urgent unmet medical need.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common chronic progressiveneurodegenerative disease in which there is an irreversible loss ofcognitive and behavioral functions. The disease can persevere for over10 years, advancing from mild symptoms to extremely severemanifestations. AD is said to afflict approximately 10% of thepopulation over the age of 65 and more than 30% of the population overthe age of 80. Alzheimer's disease presents itself pathologically asextracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.The neurofibrillary tangles are composed, e.g., of themicrotubule-binding protein tau, which is assembled into paired helicaland straight filaments. It has been suggested that these entities may befunctionally linked, although the mechanisms by which amyloid depositionpromotes pathological tau filament assembly, or vice versa, is notclear.

The intracellular neurofibrillary structures of tauopathies(neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites, and neurophil threads)have paired helical filaments (PHFs). The major protein subunit of thePHFs is microtubule associated protein tau in abnormallyhyperphosphorylated form. Neurons with neurofibrillary changesdegenerate, and the degree of this degeneration directly correlates withthe degree of dementia in the affected individuals.

Other tauopathies known to have filamentous cellular inclusionscontaining microtubule associated protein tau include Pick's disease(PiD), a group of related disorders collectively termed frontotemporaldementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), amyotropiclateral sclerosis (ALS), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), dementiapugilistica (DP), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSSD), Lewybody disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Huntingtondisease. Although the etiology, clinical symptoms, pathologic findingsand the biochemical composition of filamentous cellular inclusions inthese diseases are different, there is emerging evidence suggesting thatthe mechanisms involved in aggregation of normal cellular proteins toform various filamentous inclusions being comparable. It is believed,that an initial alteration in conformation of microtubule associatedprotein tau, acts to initiate the generation of nuclei or seeds forfilament assembly, is one of the key features. This process can beinfluenced by the posttranslational modification of normal proteins, bymutation or deletion of certain genes and by factors that bind normalproteins and thus alter their conformation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As one aspect of the present invention, an isolated antibody orantigen-binding fragment that specifically binds tau is provided. Theantibody or fragment comprises a heavy chain variable (VH) region and alight chain variable (VL) region, and each of the VH and VL regions havea sequence selected from amino acid sequences set forth in FIGS. 1 and2. More particularly, the VL region can have an amino acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3 and 4 [VK1,VK2, VK3, and VK4], and the VH region can have an amino acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 7 and 8 [VH1,VH2, VH3, and VH4]. In some embodiments, the VL region has an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 [VK2] and the VH region has an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 [VH1]. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises an Fc region, which may be of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 orvariants thereof, such as a human IgG4 containing a S241P hingestabilizing mutation. The antibody can comprise a light chain constantregion of human isotype kappa or variants thereof. In some embodiments,the antibody or fragment is scFv or Fab. In some embodiments, theantibody or fragment is a humanized antibody or fragment or a chimericantibody or fragment. The antibody or fragment may be a monoclonalantibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment competes withHJ8.5 for specific binding to human tau protein. In some embodiments,the antibody or fragment binds human tau protein with an equilibriumdissociation constant (Kd) of at least 10⁻⁴M.

As another aspect of the present invention, a multi-specific antibody orantigen-binding fragment having a plurality of antigen-binding regionsis provided. At least one antigen-binding region of the multi-specificantibody or fragment binds to human tau protein. Alternatively, abispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment having twoantigen-binding regions is provided. One of the antigen-binding regionsof the bispecific antibody or fragment binds to human tau protein.Alternatively, a bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment isprovided where one arm of the antibody or antigen-binding fragmentcompetes with HJ8.5 for specific binding to human tau protein.Alternatively, a bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment isprovided where one arm of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment iscomprised of a heavy chain variable (VH) region and a light chainvariable (VL) region, wherein each of the VH and VL regions have asequence selected from amino acid sequences set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Any of the foregoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments may furthercomprise a toxic payload, optionally a drug conjugate, or aradionuclide.

As yet another aspect of the present invention, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule is provided which encodes any of the foregoing antibodies orantigen-binding fragment, or a VH region or VL region set forth in FIG.1 or 2. A vector (such as an expression vector) comprising such anucleic acid molecule may be provided. An isolated host cell comprisingsuch a vector may be provided. The host cell may be a prokaryotic oreukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell.

As another aspect of the present invention, a pharmaceutical compositionis provided. The pharmaceutical composition comprises any of theforegoing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or a nucleic acidmolecule as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

As yet another aspect of the present invention, an isolated amino acidsequence is provided containing the sequence of one of the light chainsas set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2. Alternatively or additionally, anisolated amino acid sequence is provided containing the sequence of oneof heavy chains as set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2.

As a further aspect of the present invention, an isolated humanizedantibody or antigen-binding fragment is provided that specifically bindsan epitope comprising the amino acid sequence DQGGYT (SEQ ID NO: 9). Theantibody or antigen-binding fragment may contain CDRs of the VH and VLregions are from a donor antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises an Fc region, such as the Fc region is of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3,IgG4 or variant thereof. The Fc region may be a human IgG4 or variantthereof, such a human IgG4 containing the S241P hinge stabilizingmutation. The antibody can comprise a light chain constant region ofhuman isotype kappa or variants thereof. In some embodiments, theantibody or fragment is scFv or Fab. In some embodiments, the antibodyor fragment is a humanized antibody or fragment or a chimeric antibodyor fragment. The antibody or fragment may be a monoclonal antibody. Theantibody or fragment may be a bispecific antibody or antigen-bindingfragment where one arm of the antibody or fragment specifically binds anepitope comprising the amino acid sequence DQGGYT (SEQ ID NO: 9). Insome embodiments, an immunoconjugate is provided comprising one of theforegoing antibodies or fragments linked to a detectable or therapeuticmoiety.

As another aspect, an isolated humanized antibody or antigen-bindingfragment is provided that specifically binds an epitope comprising theamino acid sequence GYTMHQDQ (SEQ ID NO: 10). The antibody or fragmentcan have CDRs of the VH and VL regions from a donor antibody. In someembodiments, the antibody or fragment comprises an Fc region, such as anFc region of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or a variant thereof. The Fc regionmay be a human IgG4 and variants thereof containing the S241P hingestabilizing mutation. The antibody may comprise a light chain constantregion. In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment is an scFv or Fab.A bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment is also provided whereone arm of the antibody specifically binds an epitope comprising theamino acid sequence GYTMHQDQ (SEQ ID NO: 10). In some embodiments, animmunoconjugate comprising any of the foregoing antibodies or fragmentsis linked to a detectable or therapeutic moiety.

As a further aspect of the present invention, a method of preventing ortreating a tauopathy in a subject, comprising administering to a humanin need of therapy for a tauopathy with one or more of the antibodies orfragments described herein. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragmentare administered under conditions and in an amount effective to preventor treat the tauopathy. The tauopathy may be one or more of Alzheimer'sdisease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), Pick's disease (PiD), a group of related disorderscollectively termed frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked tochromosome 17 (FTDP-17), amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS),Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), dementia pugilistica (DP),Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSSD), Lewy body disease,chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), or Huntington disease.

A method is provided for treating a tauopathy comprising administeringan anti-tau antibody or fragment to a subject in need of treatment,wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds tauand comprises a heavy chain variable (VH) region and a light chainvariable (VL) region, wherein each of the VH and VL regions have asequence selected from amino acid sequences set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2,and the antibody or fragment is administered in a dose of from about 0.1mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg to the subject, alternatively from about 1mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the antibody or fragmenthas a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3 and 4 [VK1, VK2, VK3, and VK4];alternatively or additionally, the antibody or fragment has a VH regioncomprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 7 and 8 [VH1, VH2, VH3, and VH4].

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the variable region sequences of the murine HJ8.5 antibodyas well as 4 humanized variant sequences for each of the heavy and lightchains (4 VH and 4 VL/VK sequences). FIG. 1 shows sequences for MuVL(SEQ ID NO: 11); VK1 (SEQ ID NO: 1); VK2 (SEQ ID NO:2); VK3 (SEQ IDNO:3); VK4 (SEQ ID NO:4); MuVH (SEQ ID NO:12); VH1 (SEQ ID NO:5); VH2(SEQ ID NO:6); VH3 (SEQ ID NO:7); VH4 (SEQ ID NO:8).

FIG. 2A shows the sequence of the humanized variable and constant regionsequences for the heavy chains VH1 (SEQ ID NO:13). FIG. 2B shows thesequence of the humanized variable and constant region sequences for theheavy chain VH2 (SEQ ID NO: 14). FIG. 2C shows the sequence of thehumanized variable and constant region sequences for the heavy chain VH3(SEQ ID NO:15). FIG. 2D shows the sequence of the humanized variable andconstant region sequences for the heavy chain VH4 (SEQ ID NO: 16). Thevariable heavy chain is grafted to the constant heavy chain of humanIgG4 containing a S241P hinge stabilizing mutation. FIG. 2E shows thesequence of the humanized variable and constant region sequences for theheavy chain VL1 (SEQ ID NO:17). FIG. 2F shows the sequence of thehumanized variable and constant region sequences for the heavy chain VL2(SEQ ID NO: 18). FIG. 2G shows the sequence of the humanized variableand constant region sequences for the heavy chain VL3 (SEQ ID NO:19).FIG. 2H shows the sequence of the humanized variable and constant regionsequences for the heavy chain VL4 (SEQ ID NO:20).

FIG. 3 shows expression data from two rounds of transient expression ofcells transfected with polynucleotides encoding VH and VK regions.Results are summarized for 13 humanized anti tau antibodies based ondifferent combinations of humanized heavy and light variable regions,with different levels of expression being observed.

FIG. 4 shows data from a potency assay that evaluates the ability of thepresent anti-tau antibodies to compete with the original murine HJ8.5(parent antibody) for binding to human tau in an ELISA type format.

FIG. 5 summarizes the results from surface plasmon resonance (SPR)analysis, determining the binding kinetics of the six best expressinghumanized constructs against human tau.

FIG. 6 shows the binding of four humanized antibody variants to solublehuman tau in a sandwich style ELISA.

FIGS. 7A to 7MM show binding of humanized and control antibodies totissue from wild type mice (negative control tissue), P301S mice (whichexpress human tau having a P301S mutation and develop age associated taupathology), and humans with either Alzheimer's disease or ProgressiveSupranuclear Palsy (PSP). FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D and 7E show binding ofchimera (positive control) to mouse and human tissue; FIGS. 7F, 7G, 7Hand 7I show binding of non-specific human IgG4 (negative control) tomouse and human tissue. FIGS. 7J, 7K, 7L, 7M, and 7N show binding ofVH1/VK2 to mouse and human tissue. FIGS. 7O, 7P, 7Q, 7R and 7S showbinding of VH1/VK3 to mouse and human tissue. FIGS. 7T, 7U, 7V, 7W and7X show binding of VH2/VK2 to mouse and human tissue. FIGS. 7Y, 7Z, 7AA,7BB and 7CC show binding of VH2/VK3 to mouse and human tissue. FIGS.7DD, 7EE, 7FF, 7GG and 7HH show binding of VH3/VK2 to mouse and humantissue. FIGS. 7II, 7JJ, 7KK, 7LL and 7MM show binding of VH3/VK3 tomouse and human tissue.

FIG. 8 shows the epitope mapping for the murine antibody HJ8.5 againstthe amino acid sequence of human tau. FIG. 8 shows human, rhesus monkeyand mouse tau sequences (SEQ ID NOs:21, 22, 23, respectively).

FIG. 9 shows the detailed peptide based epitope mapping of HJ8.5 andC₂N-8E12. The mapping indicates that the binding epitope of C₂N-8E12 is₂₅DQGGYT₃₀ (SEQ ID NO: 9) and matches the epitope of the murine parent,HJ8.5. FIG. 9 shows sequences of peptides PEP_2875800 to PEP_2875830(SEQ ID NOs:24 to 54, respectively).

FIG. 10 illustrates the binding results for different anti human tauantibodies to either human or rhesus monkey tau. The results demonstratethat C₂N-8E12 and HJ8.5 do not bind to rhesus tau while they do showpositive binding to human tau. HJ8.7 binds to both human and rhesus tau.

FIG. 11 shows binding of humanized anti-tau antibody to tau in CSF fromhuman subjects with various tauopathies. The binding of C₂N-8E12 to tauin CSF samples from subjects diagnosed with a variety of tauopathies wasevaluated.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Strong experimental evidence and biological rationale exists to supportthe tau immunotherapy strategy as a way to counter tau pathology inneurodegeneration. First, tau is normally a highly soluble, nativelyunfolded, and intracellular protein, so an extracellular antibody isunlikely to affect the normal functions of tau. Second, the burden oftau pathology correlates with progressive neuronal dysfunction, synapticloss, and functional decline in humans and transgenic mouse models oftauopathy. Third, under pathological conditions, tau becomes misfoldedand aggregates into intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)composed of pathological tau fibrils. In human tauopathies, thispathology progresses from one brain region to another indisease-specific patterns. Experimental data suggests that tauaggregates can spread from cell to cell to induce further tauaggregation and spreading of tau pathology in brain. This data suggeststhat aggregates produced in one cell are released into the extracellularspace and can promote aggregation in neighboring or connected cells.Finally, prior art exists demonstrating that anti-tau antibodies canprevent or slow the progression of tau pathology in the brain of micethat carry a mutated human form of tau.

A “humanized antibody” is an antibody or a variant, derivative, analogor fragment thereof which has been modified to reduce the risk of thenon-human antibody eliciting an immune response in humans followingadministration. A humanized antibody, as used herein, immunospecificallybinds to the same or similar epitope as a non-human antibody (donorantibody). In some embodiments a humanized antibody comprises aframework (FR) region having substantially the amino acid sequence of ahuman antibody and a complementary determining region (CDR) havingsubstantially the amino acid sequence of a non-human antibody. The term“substantially” in the context of a CDR refers to a CDR having an aminoacid sequence at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the amino acidsequence of a non-human antibody CDR. A humanized antibody comprisessubstantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains(Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2, FabC, Fv) in which all or substantially all of theCDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin (i.e.,donor antibody) and all or substantially all of the framework regionsare those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. Preferably, ahumanized antibody also comprises at least a portion of animmunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a humanimmunoglobulin. A humanized antibody that comprises a novel frameworkregion is provided in the invention.

In some embodiments, a humanized antibody contains both the light chainas well as at least the variable domain of a heavy chain. The antibodyalso may include the CHI, hinge, CH2, CH3, and CH4 regions of the heavychain. In some embodiments, a humanized antibody only contains ahumanized light chain. In some embodiments, a humanized antibody onlycontains a humanized heavy chain. In specific embodiments, a humanizedantibody only contains a humanized variable domain of a light chainand/or humanized heavy chain.

The antibody can be selected from any class of immunoglobulins,including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, and any isotype, including withoutlimitation IgG 1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The humanized antibody maycomprise sequences from more than one class or isotype, and particularconstant domains may be selected to optimize desired effector functionsusing techniques well-known in the art.

The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from thegroup consisting of: a disulfide linked Fv, a monoclonal antibody, asingle-chain variable fragment (scFv), a chimeric antibody, aCDR-grafted antibody, a diabody, a humanized antibody, a multispecificantibody, a Fab (fragment antigen-binding), a bispecific antibody, aF(ab′)2 (a dual arm, antigen-binding fragment typically prepared bycleavage of an antibody with pepsin), a Fab′ (the result of splitting aF(ab′)2 into two antigen-binding fragments, typically by mildreduction), or a Fv (an antigen-binding variable fragment).

The term “chimeric antibody” refers to antibodies which comprise heavyand light chain variable region sequences from one species and constantregion sequences from another species, such as antibodies having murineheavy and light chain variable regions linked to human constant regions.

A “VH region”, “VL region” or “VK region” refers to the variable regionof the heavy chain (VH), the variable region of the light lambda chain(VL) or the variable region of the light kappa chain (VK), respectively.The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions ofhypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR),interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed frameworkregions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs,arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order:FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. Immunoglobulin molecules can be ofany type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgG 1,IgG2, IgG 3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass.

The term “framework” or “framework sequence” refers to the remainingsequences of a variable region minus the CDRs. Because the exactdefinition of a CDR sequence can be determined by different systems, themeaning of a framework sequence is subject to correspondingly differentinterpretations. The six CDRs (CDR-L1, -L2, and -L3 of light chain andCDR-H1, -H2, and -H3 of heavy chain) also divide the framework regionson the light chain and the heavy chain into four sub-regions (FR1, FR2,FR3 and FR4) on each chain, in which CDR1 is positioned between FR1 andFR2, CDR2 between FR2 and FR3, and CDR3 between FR3 and FR4. Withoutspecifying the particular sub-regions as FR1, FR2, FR3 or FR4, aframework region, as referred by others, represents the combined FR'swithin the variable region of a single, naturally occurringimmunoglobulin chain. A FR represents one of the four sub-regions, andFRs represents two or more of the four sub-regions constituting aframework region.

Many humanized immunoglobulins that have been previously described(Jones et al., Verhoeyen et al., Riechmann et al.) have comprised aframework that is identical to the framework of a particular humanimmunoglobulin chain, the acceptor, and three CDR's from a non-humandonor immunoglobulin chain. A “humanized anti-tau” antibody refers to anantibody that has been generated from a non-human (donor) antibodycapable of binding tau and said binding is transferred to a humanantibody (acceptor).

The term “CDR” refers to the complementarity determining region withinantibody variable sequences. There are three CDRs in each of thevariable regions of the heavy chain and the light chain, which aredesignated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, for each of the variable regions. Theamino acid sequences of the CDRs of the VH and VL/K regions of theclaimed invention are set forth in FIG. 1.

As used herein, the term single-chain Fv, also termed single-chainantibody, refers to engineered antibody constructs prepared by isolatingthe binding domains (both heavy and light chain) of a binding antibody,and supplying a linking moiety which permits preservation of the bindingfunction. A linker peptide inserted between the two chains allows forthe stabilization of the variable domains without interfering with theproper folding and creation of an active binding site. This linker canbe between 5 and 30 amino acids long and typically consist of repeats of“GGGGS” ((Gly)4Ser) amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:55). This forms, inessence, a radically abbreviated antibody, having only the variabledomain necessary for binding the antigen.

Diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies and higher order variants aretypically created by varying the length of the linker peptide referredto above, from zero to several amino acids. The variants aremultivalent, multispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains areexpressed on a polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too shortto allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, therebyforcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chainand creating two antigen binding sites (see e.g., Holliger, P., et al.(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poljak, R. J., et al.(1994) Structure 2: 1121-1123). Such antibody binding portions are knownin the art (Kontermann and Dubel eds., Antibody Engineering (2001)Springer-Verlag. New York. p. 790 (ISBN 3-540-41354-5). Alternatively,it is also well known in the art that multivalent binding antibodyvariants can be generated using self-assembling units linked to thevariable domain.

Bispecific, trispecific, or antibodies of multiple specificities arecreated by combining the heavy and light chains of one antibody with theheavy and light chains of one or more other antibodies. These chains canbe covalently linked. For example, the term “bispecific antibody” refersto full-length antibodies that are generated by quadroma technology (seeMilstein and Cuello (1983) Nature 305(5934): 537-40), by chemicalconjugation of two different monoclonal antibodies (see Staerz et al.(1985) Nature 314(6012): 628-31), or by knob-into-hole or similarapproaches which introduces mutations in the Fc region (see Holliger etal. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(14): 6444-6448), resulting inmultiple different immunoglobulin species of which only one is thefunctional bispecific antibody. By molecular function, a bispecificantibody binds one antigen (or epitope) on one of its two binding arms(one pair of HC/LC), and binds a different antigen (or epitope) on itssecond arm (a different pair of HC/LC). A bispecific antibody has twodistinct antigen binding arms (in both specificity and CDR sequences),and is monovalent for each antigen to which it binds.

A series of murine antibodies capable of bind tau have been raised usingmethods known in the art. See Holtzman et al., WO2014/08404. Further,these antibodies have been screened to identify antibodies with specificbiological activity that may them suitable candidates for therapeuticuses.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides composite humanizedantibodies. Composite Human Antibody™ technology generates humanizedantibodies by identifying potential T cell epitopes in the variableregion (V region) sequences of the donor antibody and engineeringantibodies or antigen-binding fragments in such a way that binding tothe potential T cell epitopes are eliminated (See EP2,388,871). Unlikeother humanization technologies that use a single human light and heavychain V region framework or human consensus framework as light and heavychain ‘acceptors’ for the respective complementarity determining regions(CDRs) from the donor antibody (typically murine); Composite HumanAntibodies™ comprise multiple sequence segments (“composites”) derivedfrom V regions of unrelated multiple human antibodies.

Sequence segments derived from databases of unrelated human V regionsare selected after determining amino acids that are considered criticalfor antigen binding of the starting antibody. All selected sequencesegments derived from human V region databases are filtered for thepresence of potential CD4+ T cell epitopes using in silica tools knownin the art. Composite Human Antibodies™ retain affinity and specificitybetter than standard humanized antibodies due to the close fit of humansequence segments with all sections of the starting antibody V regions.Composite Human Antibodies™ are depleted of T cell epitopes andtherefore considered both humanized and de-immunized.

In one embodiment the murine variable regions from a donor antibodyreplace human variable regions in a human acceptor IgG resulting in achimeric antibody.

In a further embodiment the murine CDR sequences from a donor antibodyreplace the CDR sequences in a human acceptor IgG, to create a humanizedantibody. Further changes are incorporated into the humanized antibodyto remove potential T cell epitopes and framework residues consideredcritical to maintaining the binding characteristics of the donorantibody. One with skill in the art will know that other methods such asCDR grafting can be used to humanize an antibody.

In a further embodiment non-human antibodies capable of binding to humantau are humanized.

The present antibodies may exhibit altered binding affinity and/oraltered immunogenicity as compared to donor antibodies. In someembodiments, chimeric or humanized antibodies have substantially thesame binding affinity as the donor antibody with respect to an epitopeof tau.

In a further embodiment, a single-chain variable fragment based on ahumanized antibody as described herein, e.g., humanized anti-tauantibody, may bind as a monomer.

In a further embodiment multivalent binding, using antibody fragmentscan be achieved by using diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, and otherhigher order variants, which may be prepared.

In a further embodiment the heavy and light chain of the humanizedanti-tau antibody may be combined with the heavy and light chains ofother antibodies to form bispecific or other additional multi specificantibodies.

Further the humanized antibodies of the invention, e.g., humanizedanti-tau antibody may also be in the form of a antibody fragment, e.g.,a Fab, a Fab′ monomer, a F(ab)′2 dimer, or a whole immunoglobulinmolecule.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated peptide consistingof the amino acid sequence, DQGGYT (SEQ ID NO: 9). This peptide is acore epitope for the antibodies described herein as C₂N-8E12 or HJ8.5.In one aspect of the invention, the peptide includes X₍₀₋₈₎DQGGYTX₍₀₋₈₎(SEQ ID NO: 9) wherein X is any amino acid. While the illustrativeexample shows 15 mers (see FIG. 11), one of skill in the art wouldrecognize that a peptide of different lengths are included in theinvention. Accordingly, the present antibodies or fragments mayspecifically bind an epitope containing the amino acid sequence DQGGYT(SEQ ID NO: 9). The epitope can be a linear or conformational epitopesand can be from about 6 to 22 amino acids in length.

In other embodiments, the present methods relate to treating a tauopathywith the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, wherein the antibody orfragment is administered in a dose to a subject having a tauopathy.

Suitable doses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may beexpress in terms of mg of drug per kg of subject's body weight. Suitabledoses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment include at least about0.1 mg/kg, alternatively about 0.2 mg/kg, alternatively about 0.25mg/kg, alternatively about 0.3 mg/kg, alternatively about 0.5 mg/kg,alternatively about 0.75 mg/kg, alternatively about 1 mg/kg,alternatively about 1.25 mg/kg, alternatively about 1.5 mg/kg,alternatively about 2 mg/kg, alternatively about 5 mg/kg, alternativelyabout 7.5 mg/kg, alternatively about 10 mg/kg, alternatively about 12.5mg/kg, alternatively about 15 mg/kg, alternatively about 20 mg/kg,alternatively about 25 mg/kg, alternatively about 30 mg/kg,alternatively about 50 mg/kg, alternatively about 100 mg/kg. Suitabledoses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may be at most about250 mg/kg, alternatively at most about 200 mg/kg, alternatively at mostabout 175 mg/kg, alternatively at most about 150 mg/kg, alternatively atmost about 125 mg/kg, alternatively at most about 100 mg/kg,alternatively at most about 75 mg/kg, alternatively at most about 50mg/kg, alternatively at most about 25 mg/kg, alternatively at most about20 mg/kg, alternatively at most about 15 mg/kg. Any of the foregoingminima and maxima may be put together to define a range (for example,from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg), so long as the minimum valueof the range is lower than the maximum value of the range.

Suitable doses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may beexpress in terms of mg of drug administered to a subject. Suitable dosesof the humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment include at leastabout 2.5 mg, alternatively at least about 5 mg, alternatively at leastabout 10 mg, alternatively at least about 15 mg, alternatively at leastabout 20 mg, alternatively at least about 25 mg, alternatively at leastabout 30 mg, alternatively at least about 40 mg, alternatively at leastabout 50 mg, alternatively at least about 60 mg, alternatively at leastabout 70 mg, alternatively at least about 80 mg, alternatively at leastabout 90 mg, alternatively at least about 100 mg, alternatively at leastabout 125 mg, alternatively at least about 150 mg, alternatively atleast about 175 mg, alternatively at least about 200 mg, alternativelyat least about 250 mg, alternatively at least about 100 mg,alternatively at least about 125 mg, alternatively at least about 300mg. Suitable doses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may be atmost about 2500 mg, alternatively at most about 2000 mg, alternativelyat most about 1500 mg, alternatively at most about 1000 mg,alternatively at most about 750 mg, alternatively at most about 500 mg,alternatively at most about 400 mg, alternatively at most about 300 mg,alternatively at most about 275 mg, alternatively at most about 250 mg,alternatively at most about 200 mg, alternatively at most about 150 mg.Any of the foregoing minima and maxima may be put together to define arange (for example, from about 5 mg to about 2500 mg, so long as theminimum value of the range is lower than the maximum value of the range.

C₂N-8E12 is a humanized recombinant IgG4 anti-human tau antibody. TheIgG4 backbone of C₂N-8E12 contains a S241P hinge stabilizing mutationthat minimizes the formation of half-antibodies. C₂N-8E12 binds to aminoacids 25-30 in human tau (DQGGYT) (SEQ ID NO: 9), a sequence that ispresent in all human tau splice variants as well as in amino-terminalfragments of tau. The antibody binds to both monomeric tau andaggregated tau in human brain tissue from tauopathies. C₂N-8E12 ishighly stable with very little aggregation or degradation. Generalphysical properties of C₂N-8E12 are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Molecular weight 145.72 kDa Stereochemistry L-amino acidsAppearance Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid Solubility ~130 mg/mL

Although the invention has been described with reference to the attachedexamples, it will be understood that modifications and variations areencompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Theattachments here are illustrative examples of the invention and hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

Example 1

This example describes efforts and results for humanization of themurine anti-tau antibody HJ8.5. The efforts yielded four humanized lightchain variable regions (VL or VK) and four humanized heavy chainvariable regions (VH).

Humanization generally refers to techniques of reducing the potentialimmunogenicity associated with using a non-human monoclonal antibody forchronic treatment. Two methods typically used to reduce immunogenicityare CDR grafting and deimmunization. Murine antibody HJ8.5 wasde-immunized using a method developed by Antitope.

CDR grafting is a protein engineering approach. Briefly, it relies onboth an understanding of the basic architecture of an antibody and itsconservation across species. Murine and human antibodies share acommon/conserved architecture. Antibody structure is divided intoconstant and variable regions. The variable region can be furtherdivided into so called framework regions and CDR regions. It can be seenthat the variable region is composed of four frameworks (Fwk) and threeCDR. The arrangement of frameworks and CDRs are the same in light andheavy variable domains.

In CDR grafting, the non-human constant regions are replaced with humanconstant regions, giving rise to a so called chimeric antibody. Inaddition, the murine CDR regions are transferred into human frameworkregions; the resulting variable domain is a mix of human frameworks andmurine CDR's. As a final step, a number of the murine frameworkresidues, thought to play a critical role in maintaining the affinityare transferred (not shown).

De-immunisation: Composite Human Antibody™ technology from Antitope issaid to be a deimmunization technology that is used in conjunction withidentifying both CDRs and key amino acids in the framework thought toplay a role in binding. The resulting fully-humanized antibodies retainthe binding affinity and specificity of the starting monoclonal antibodyand are also devoid of CD4+ T cell epitopes, which avoids undesirableimmunogenicity in humans.

Composite Human Antibodies™ are generated by combining multiple segmentsof human antibody sequences from Antitope's database comprising100,000's of unrelated fully-human antibody variable region sequences.Initial modeling of variable region sequences of HJ8.5 antibody is usedto identify amino acids critical to antibody binding, which are thenused to constrain the selection of human sequence segments. Individualsequence segments and the junctions between adjacent segments are thenanalyzed using two proprietary in silico technologies (iTope™ and TCED™)for selection of fully-human variable region sequences that are devoidof CD4+ T cell epitopes. DNA encoding variable regions for CompositeHuman Antibodies are synthesized, cloned onto an expression vector withhuman constant regions and transfected into mammalian cells forproduction of the humanized antibodies.

Humanization of HJ8.5: Structural models of the HJ8.5 murine anti-Tau412antibody V regions were produced using Swiss PDB and analyzed in orderto identify important “constraining” amino acids in the V regions thatwere likely to be essential for the binding properties of the antibody.From the analysis, a number of constraining framework residues wereidentified as candidates for inclusion in the fully humanized V regions.Segments of human variable region sequences were selected to include oneor more of these residues.

A preliminary set of human sequence segments that could be used tocreate the fully humanized HJ8.5 antibodies were selected and analyzedusing iTope™ technology for in silico analysis of peptide binding tohuman MHC class II alleles (Perry et al 2008), and using the TCED™ (TCell Epitope Database) of known antibody sequence-related T cellepitopes (Bryson et al 2010). Sequence segments that were identified assignificant non-human germline binders to human MHC class II or thatscored significant hits against the TCED™ were discarded. Combinationsof sequence segments were also analyzed to ensure that the junctionsbetween segments did not contain potential T cell epitopes. Selectedsegments were then combined to produce heavy and light chain V regionsequences for synthesis. For HJ8.5, four VH chains and four VK chainswere designed and constructed.

FIG. 1 shows the variable region sequences of the murine HJ8.5 antibodyas well as 4 humanized variant sequences for each of the heavy and lightchains (4 VH and 4 VL/VK sequences). The amino acid sequences of thosefour VH chains and four VK chains are set forth in FIG. 1. The CDRsequences, as defined by Kabat et al are highlighted in red(underlined). Framework changes from the original mouse sequence arehighlighted in blue and in bold.

Table B-1 summarizes the number of framework changes introduced in eachvariant of the heavy and light chain variable domains.

TABLE B-1 Variable Number of Domain Framework changes VH1 4 VH2 5 VH3 10VH4 11 VK1 6 VK2 7 VK3 11 VK4 12

FIG. 2 shows the sequences of the humanized variable and constant regionsequences for each of the heavy and light chains (4 VH and 4 VL/VKsequences). The variable heavy chain is grafted to the constant heavychain of human IgG4 containing the S241P hinge stabilizing mutation. Thevariable light chain is grafted to the constant light chain of humanKappa light chain. This table also lists the theoretical isoelectricpoint (PI) and molecular weight (Mw).

FIG. 3 shows expression data from 2 rounds of transient expression ofcells transfected with polynucleotides encoding VH and VK regions.Results for 13 humanized anti tau antibodies are summarized. Differentcombinations of heavy and light chains resulted in markedly differentlevels of expression being observed. In Round 1, all variants of VH andVL regions were combined with each other (only results for 13 are shownof the 16 that were tested. In Round 2, the 6 best expressingcombinations observed in Round 1 were tested. Expression is shown as μgof antibody measured per mL of culture media. Higher levels ofexpression is advantageous since it suggests that the antibody iscorrectly folded, secreted as expected, non toxic and generally stable.

FIG. 4 shows data from a potency assay. To further characterize thehumanized anti-tau antibody variants, the potency assay evaluates theability of antibodies to compete with the original murine HJ8.5 (parentantibody) for binding to human tau in an ELISA type format. The assayformat involves coating the ELISA plate with human tau and then allowingthe test antibodies as well as biotinylated HJ8.5 to compete for bindingto tau. The assay enables the relative IC50 value for each humanizedantibody variant to be measured. IC50 values are normalized to that ofchimeric HJ8.5 to enable comparisons to be made between plates. Thisdata demonstrates that the humanization process has not significantlychanged the binding of the humanized antibodies to human tau.

Example 2

This study describes the use of the Biacore T200 to measure and comparethe binding characteristics of the interaction between six fullyhumanized (VH1/VK2, VH1/VK3, VH2/VK2, VH2/VK3, VH3/VK2 and VH3/VK3,described above in Example 1) monoclonal antibodies and one chimericmonoclonal antibody based on HJ8.5 with recombinant human Tau-412protein. The aim of this study was to use the Biacore T200 surfaceplasmon resonance instrument for the high resolution kineticcharacterization of the interactions between Tau-412 and these sevenmAbs.

The antibodies were stored at 4° C. Tau-412 was stored at −20° C. as perthe manufacturer's instructions. Once reconstituted the Tau-412 solutionwas stored on ice and used within 24 hours. Aliquots of reconstitutedTau-412 were frozen within 30 minutes of reconstitution and stored at−20° C.

The Biacore instrument was run on Biacore T200 Evaluation Software V1.1(Uppsala, Sweden). All materials were from Biacore unless stated:

Biacore Preventative Maintenance Kit 2 BR-1006-51 Series S CM5 SensorChips BR-1006-68 Amine Coupling Kit BR-1000-50 10 mM Acetate pH 4.5BR-1003-51 HBS-EP Running buffer\ BR-1006-69 10 mM Glycine-HCI pH 1.5BR-1003-54 10 mM Glycine-HCI pH 2.0 BR-1003-55 Protein A (Sigma) P60314M MgCl₂ hexahydrate (Sigma) M9272-500G

All experiments were developed with Biacore ‘wizard’ software. Thefollowing Biacore methods were used: Immobilization; Kinetics/Affinity;and Desorb and Sanitize.

Before running any samples, and during the study, a system check(Biacore Preventative Maintenance Kit 2) was performed. All the systemstested passed (Reagent pump, Refractometer, Injections, Noise, Mixingand Buffer Selector) indicating that the instrument was performing tocriteria set by the manufacturer.

Upon insertion of a CM5/Protein A chip the system was primed and thennormalized with BIA normalizing solution (Biacore PreventativeMaintenance Kit 2). All samples were run at 25° C. with a sample rackincubated at 5° C. The chip was added to the system with HBS-EP used asthe running buffer.

The mAbs were stored as supplied and diluted to 100 nM for allimmobilization (capture) runs. The antigen Tau-412 was reconstitutedfrom the dry powder using Milli-Q water to a final concentration of 1mg/mL; further dilutions were performed for the kinetics runs. The massand molecular weight of Tau-412 used in the concentration calculationwas provided by the reagent manufacture (100 μg/vial and 42.9 kDa). Nocarrier protein was added to this solution. Vials of the antigen wereonly reconstituted when required and were stored in their powder form at−20° C. until use. Once reconstituted, the antigen solution was kept onice and used within 24 hours.

A capture assay with protein A was selected for this study. Theperformance of the Protein A surface was superior to the anti-human,protein A/G, protein G and protein L surfaces that were also tested. TheProtein A chip was prepared through immobilization using standard aminecoupling chemistry. Immobilization was carried out at a proteinconcentration of 5 μg/mL in 10 mM Acetate buffer pH 4.5 to a targetresponse level of 500 RUs on a CM5 Series S sensor chip (Biacore).

The final response levels for the Protein A chip ‘All’ and designatedF_(c)s are shown in Table G-1.

TABLE G-1 Final Response Ligand Level (RU) F_(c)1 Protein A 697.1 F_(c)2Protein A 691.4 F_(c)3 Protein A 708.3 F_(c)4 Protein A 704.6

For kinetic experiments, the amount of immobilized/captured ligand needsto be limited to avoid mass transfer effects at the surface of the chip.For kinetic experiments, a surface should ideally have a maximum analytebinding level (R_(max)) of 50-100 RUs. The amount of ligand toimmobilize is therefore calculated using Equation 1:

${{analyte}\mspace{14mu} {binding}\mspace{14mu} {capacity}\mspace{14mu} ({RU})} = {{\frac{{analyte}\; {MW}}{{ligand}\; {MW}} \cdot {immobilize}}\mspace{14mu} d\mspace{14mu} {ligand}\mspace{14mu} {({RU}) \cdot {Sm}}}$

Using an average MW of 42.9 kDa (provided by the reagent manufacture)for the analyte Tau-412, 150 kDa for the ligand (estimated value forantibodies) (mAb), 100 RU for R_(max), and the stoichiometry (S_(m)) as1, a target of 300 RUs was set for capture of all the trial antibodies.The capture levels obtained within the study varied from ^(˜)280-400RU's. For the second and third runs the amount of injected antibody wasadjusted to get closer to the desired 300 RU capture level.

Non-specific binding can be due to either the analyte or analytecontaminants interacting with either the ligand (non-specific anddifficult to detect), capture protein, or the sensor chip surface. Byanalyzing the response of the blank F_(c)l, surface after a relativelyhigh concentration (40 nM) 300 second injection of Tau-412, no NSB wasobserved to the carboxy-dextran surface, or Protein A capture surface.At Tau-412 concentrations >100 nM, significant NSB was observed to thecarboxy-dextran chip surface; however concentrations within this rangewere not required for subsequent kinetic analysis.

Regeneration scouting was performed and the optimum conditions for theregeneration of chimeric and VH1/VK2 antibodies on the Protein A surfacewere as follows. Three 240 second injections of 10 mM Glycine-HCl pH 1.7followed by one 300 second injection of 4M MgCl₂ all at 40 μL/min. A 600second wait step was introduced after the last regeneration injection toallow the surface to stabilize before starting the next binding cycle.

No buffer scouting was performed as initial tests indicated the selectedbuffer ‘HBS-EP’ generated a reproducible system suitable for kineticanalysis.

The performance of the surface was analyzed by repeated controlinjections of 2.5 nM Tau-412 at the start, interspaced and at the end ofa kinetic run. Stable binding was observed throughout the kinetic runhighlighting the suitability of the system for kinetic analysis.

Mass transport limitation occurs when the rate of association contains asignificant component associated with the rate of transport of theanalyte to and from the chip surface. Where mass transfer is found to besignificant the resulting kinetic analysis could be inaccurate. Loweringthe density of immobilized ligand, or increasing the flow rate, canreduce mass transport limitations. From previous experience of using lowdensity surfaces and similar Mw antigens, a flow rate of 40 μL/min wasselected for this study.

The linked reaction control experiment is used to assess theligand-analyte interaction to check for deviations from a 1-to-1 bindingmodel. The analyte is injected over the surface for different periods oftime (contact times) and the dissociation rate is analyzed to determineif it varies with the contact time. If such a relationship is observed,it indicates that a second interaction event is taking place after theinitial binding event that results in a stabilized complex at thesurface.

From previous experience using capture assay formats, the apparentbinding stoichiometry of 1.5 and that a 1-to-1 model could be fittedwith confidence to the resulting kinetic data, linked reaction controlswere not performed as there was no additional evidence to support morecomplex kinetic interactions.

A 1-to-1 binding model was used to fit the resulting kinetic data(Equation 2). Due to variations in the amount of antibody captured theparameter R_(max) was set to local as opposed to global analysis foreach antibody kinetic analysis.

$A + {B\begin{matrix}\overset{ka}{\rightarrow} \\\underset{kd}{\leftarrow}\end{matrix}{AB}}$

Antibody Characterization: The characterization and the controlexperiments performed for the Protein A capture surface suggested thiswas a suitable system to determine kinetic values for the Tau-412interactions. The binding stoichiometry was assessed by injecting asaturating concentration of Tau-412 (1000 nM) over 277 RU's of capturedVH1/VK2 on a trial Protein A surface. Two sequential injections of 1000nM Tau-412 appeared to result in saturated binding at 122 RU's. Thisresulted in a binding stoichiometry of 150%, which is higher thanexpected for one antibody molecule binding to one Tau-412 molecule.Reasons for this could include binding of the antibody to two moleculesof Tau-412 or Tau-412 oligomerization on the surface of the chip.

Kinetic data was obtained at a flow rate of 40 μL/min to minimize anypotential mass transfer effects. Two repeats of the blank (no antigen)and the 2.5 nM concentration of the analyte were programmed into thekinetic run in order to check the stability of both the surface andanalyte over the kinetic cycles. For the initial kinetic runs, 2-folddilutions of Tau-412 from 40 nM to 0.156 nM were run. For kineticanalysis and on subsequent runs, an analyte range of 20 nM to 0.625 nMwas selected. This range covered multiple analyte concentrations bothabove and below the reported K_(D).

The association phase was monitored for 500 seconds to allow some of thehigher concentrations of analyte to reach steady state. In order toobserve a sufficient signal decrease (>10%) during the dissociationphase of the kinetic cycle, dissociation was measured for 1200 seconds.As discussed in Section 5, the F_(c)s were allowed to stabilize for 600seconds after each regeneration step. The signal from the referencechannel F_(c)1 was subtracted from that of F_(c)2, F_(c)3 and F_(c)4.

The kinetic parameters for the interaction of Tau-412 with the 7 mAbs asmeasured using the Protein A capture system on the Biacore T200 areshown in Table F-2. To correct for differences in the capture level ofthe antibody between each binding cycle, a local R_(max) parameter wasused in the 1-to-1 binding model. Kinetic analysis was performed inthree independent runs using fresh preparations of Tau-412 and antibody.Run 1 and runs 2+3 used different vials of the antigen Tau-412;therefore the reported errors associated with the mean response probablyrepresent variation in preparation of the analyte and differences inassay set-up and run. From run 1 to runs 2+3, the amount of antibodyinjected was adjusted to try to get closer to the target 300 RU capturelevels. For run 1, the chimeric antibody was run in triplicate and ananalysis of all three data sets is shown in Table F-2. The % CV for theK_(D) derived from these three data sets was 4.3% indicating that theresults were within assay variability.

TABLE F-2 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d))K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix II VH1/VK2 A11/1 2.80 × 10⁵ 4.40 ×10² 6.11 × 10⁻⁴ 2.80 × 10⁻⁷ 2.18 1.28 A3-4 VH1/VK2 A11/3 3.25 × 10⁵ 1.00× 10³ 6.32 × 10⁻⁴ 8.20 × 10⁻⁷ 1.95 0.44 A5-6 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a))k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) (nM) Mean 3.02 × 10⁵ 3.19 ×10⁴ 6.21 × 10⁻⁴ 1.48 × 10⁻⁵ 2.06 0.17 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE(k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix IIVH1/VK3 A11/1 2.80 × 10⁵ 9.10 × 10² 6.26 × 10⁻⁴ 8.50 × 10⁻⁷ 2.24 0.99A7-8 VH1/VK3 A11/2 2.95 × 10⁵ 4.40 × 10² 5.72 × 10⁻⁴ 2.70 × 10⁻⁷ 1.940.52 A9-10 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD(K_(D)) (nM) Mean 2.87 × 10⁵ 1.07 × 10⁴ 5.99 × 10⁻⁴ 3.76 × 10⁻⁵ 2.090.21 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D)(nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix II VH2/VK2 A11/1 2.62 × 10⁵ 4.30 × 10²6.28 × 10⁻⁴ 2.80 × 10⁻⁷ 2.40 0.83 A11-12 VH2/VK2 A11/2 2.84 × 10⁵ 4.10 ×10² 5.87 × 10⁻⁴ 2.60 × 10⁻⁷ 2.06 0.70 A13-14 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a))k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) (nM) Mean 2.73 × 10⁵ 1.59 ×10⁴ 6.08 × 10⁻⁴ 2.94 × 10⁻⁵ 2.23 0.24 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE(k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix IIVH2/VK3 A11/1 2.68 × 10⁵ 8.80 × 10² 6.53 × 10⁻⁴ 9.00 × 10⁻⁷ 2.44 1.11A15-16 VH2/VK3 A11/2 2.92 × 10⁵ 4.40 × 10² 5.33 × 10⁻⁴ 2.60 × 10⁻⁷ 1.830.50 A17-18 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD(K_(D)) (nM) Mean 2.80 × 10⁵ 1.71 × 10⁴ 5.93 × 10⁻⁴ 8.44 × 10⁻⁵ 2.130.43 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D)(nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix II VH3/VK2 A11/1 2.62 × 10⁵ 3.20 × 10²5.46 × 10⁻⁴ 2.20 × 10⁻⁷ 2.08 0.45 A19-20 VH3/VK2 A11/2 2.90 × 10⁵ 3.70 ×10² 4.85 × 10⁻⁴ 2.20 × 10⁻⁷ 1.67 0.71 A21-22 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a))k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) (nM) Mean 2.76 × 10⁵ 1.99 ×10⁴ 5.15 × 10⁻⁴ 4.28 × 10⁻⁵ 1.88 0.29 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE(k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix IIVH3/VK3 A11/1 2.54 × 10⁵ 3.10 × 10² 5.59 × 10⁻⁴ 2.00 × 10⁻⁷ 2.20 0.80A23-24 VH3/VK3 A11/2 2.76 × 10⁵ 3.80 × 10² 4.54 × 10⁻⁴ 2.20 × 10⁻⁷ 1.650.80 A25-26 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD(K_(D)) (nM) Mean 2.65 × 10⁵ 1.56 × 10⁴ 5.07 × 10⁻⁴ 7.40 × 10⁻⁵ 1.920.39 Ligand Chip k_(a) (1/Ms) SE (k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SE (k_(d)) K_(D)(nM) SD (K_(D)) Chi² Appendix II Chimeric A11/1 7.18 × 10⁵ 1.60 × 10³1.60 × 10⁻³ 2.40 × 10⁻⁴ 2.23 1.17 A27-29 Chimeric A11/2 7.22 × 10⁵ 3.00× 10³ 1.30 × 10⁻³ 3.50 × 10⁻⁵ 1.79 0.97 A30-31 Chimeric A11/3 7.23 × 10⁵2.60 × 10³ 1.40 × 10⁻³ 3.30 × 10⁻⁶ 1.94 0.49 A32-33 k_(a) (1/Ms) SD(k_(a)) k_(d) (1/s) SD (k_(d)) K_(D) (nM) SD (K_(D)) (nM) Mean 7.21 ×10⁵ 2.87 × 10³ 1.43 × 10⁻⁴ 1.54 × 10⁻⁴ 1.99 0.22

The Chi² values show how well the association and dissociation data fitsthe proposed 1-to-1 binding model—the lower the value the better thefit. The associated SE values for the rate constants represent theuncertainty associated with fitting the data to the model described, anddo not represent the total uncertainty for the true kinetic values. Themean response data represents the average kinetic values and theassociated SD from 2, or 3 independent analyses.

Using the mean K_(D) values from Table F-2, the antibodies can be rankedbased on affinity as follows:VH3/VK2>VH3/VK3>Chimeric>VH2/VK3>VH1/VK3>VH1/VK2>VH2/VK2. The % CVassociated with the mean kinetic parameters ranged from 10-20%, and thusit is likely that all antibodies have very similar affinities and thatdifferences are purely a result of assay variation. In general, thedifferences in binding between the antibodies may be attributable toassay variation, and it is believed there are no significant differencesin K_(D) values of the humanized antibodies compared to the chimericantibody.

A comparison of the kinetic values determined using the protein Acapture assay on the Biacore T200 for the interaction between theantibodies and Tau-412 are shown The chimeric antibody appears todisplay a significantly different binding profile when compared to thehumanized antibodies, although the affinities are similar. A k_(d)versus k_(a) plot shows the relative kinetic values of the testedantibodies and Tau-412 interactions as determined using the Protein Acapture assay on the Biacore T200. The dashed diagonals representisoaffinity lines. Please note the axes display different data ranges,with the aim of improving the clarity of the humanized antibodies on theplot.

FIG. 5 summarizes the results from surface plasmon resonance (SPR)analysis, determining the binding kinetics of the 6 best expressinghumanized constructs against human tau. The test antibody is immobilizedon the SPR chip with different concentrations of human tau then allowedto flow over the chip. Association and dissociation rates as well as theaffinity based on the measured binding events is calculated for each ofthe variants. The chimeric variant was also tested.

Example 3

FIG. 6 shows the binding of four humanized antibody variants to solublehuman tau in a sandwich style ELISA. Assay methods that rely on passiveadsorption have the potential to create artifactual binding results. Toovercome this possibility, a solution based method to measure thebinding activity of the humanized antibody variants was employed. Inthis assay format, antigen (human tau) is captured by a monoclonalanti-human tau antibody that recognizes a different epitope than HJ8.5.Subsequent binding of the humanized anti-tau antibodies to the capturedhuman tau depends on antigen concentration, while IgG4 isotype controlsshows no binding at all. This assay demonstrates that binding of thehumanized anti-tau antibodies to human tau is specific and that theantibodies bind to soluble human tau.

Example 4

FIGS. 7A-7MM show binding of humanized and control antibodies to tissuefrom wild type mice (negative control tissue), P301S mice (which expresshuman tau having a P301S mutation and develop age associated taupathology), and humans with either Alzheimer's disease or ProgressiveSupranuclear Palsy (PSP). The aim of this study was to confirm thathumanized antibodies retain the ability to bind to aggregated tau intissue as compared to the chimeric form of HJ8.5. The figures showrepresentative images of staining human and mouse brains with differentvariants of humanized HJ8.5 antibody. P301S mice at 4 and 9 month oldwere tested, and both time points show pathologic aggregates of tau,with the 9 month old mice having more tau pathology than the 4 month oldmice. For human staining, a sample of brain tissue from one subject withPSP, and a sample of brain tissue from one subject with AD was examined.FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate staining with chimeric HJ8.5 for the mouse andhuman AD tissue. FIGS. 7F-7I illustrate the staining with a negativecontrol antibody (non-specific human IgG4). FIGS. 7J-7MM illustrate thestaining with the six humanized antibodies. All humanized variants ofthe murine HJ8.5 antibody bind to tau aggregates found in P301S mousebrain as well as tau aggregates found in the brain tissue of thesubjects diagnosed with either AD or PSP.

Example 5

FIG. 8 shows the epitopes of HJ8.5 in human tau. The epitope was mappedusing yeast display. For this method, various peptides covering thesequence of human tau were expressed using by yeast. Binding of theHJ8.5 antibody to yeast in culture was measured by immunofluorescence.Binding to yeast, expressing variants of tau that included the first 34amino acids was observed, but no binding, if the yeast only expressedthe first 32 amino acids of tau. This suggests that the epitope iswithin the first 34 amino acids. Additionally, HJ8.5 binds if thepeptide includes amino acids 27-135 but not if the peptide spans aminoacids 30-135. This suggests that the epitope includes amino acidsgreater than amino acid 27. Based on this data the epitope is containedwithin the 27-34 sequence of human tau (GYTMHQDQ (SEQ ID NO: 10). FIG. 8also shows the rhesus monkey and mouse tau sequences and highlights inred the amino acid changes from human tau.

FIG. 9 shows more detailed, peptide-based epitope mapping of HJ8.5 andC₂N-8EI2. A peptide library of linear 15 mers spanning the full sequenceof human tau (IN4R, 412 amino acids) was created. Additionally doublealanine versions of these peptides where amino acids 10 and 11 werechanged to alanine were also produced. For the double alanine library,any naturally occurring alanines at position 10 or 11 were mutated toglycine. All peptides were spotted onto a peptide array and then probedwith HJ8.5 or C₂N-8E12 and binding measured. The tau binding epitope(s)of both antibodies were reliably mapped using these peptide arrays. Thebinding epitope of C₂N-8E12 is ₂₅DQGGYT₃₀ (SEQ ID NO: 9) and matches theepitope of the murine parent, HJ8.5. The binding of HJ8.5 and C₂N-8E12to tau peptides is severely compromised when amino acids D, Q, Y, or Tin the epitope were replaced with alanine, suggesting that they play acrucial rule in the antibody binding. However, when the central twoglycines in the epitope were replaced with alanine, the binding ofantibodies to the tau peptides was not as severely compromised (PEP2875811). This is likely not an indication that these amino acids arenot important for binding but rather due to the conservative nature ofsubstitutions between Alanine and Glycine amino acids. The epitopemapped using these more detailed methods is slightly different from whatwas mapped using yeast display (FIG. 8). This difference is attributedto the difference in the binding assays, with larger peptides being usedon the yeast display system. The 15 mer peptide array methodology isconsidered to be superior to the yeast display methodology.

Example 6

FIG. 10 illustrates the binding results for different anti human tauantibodies to either human or rhesus monkey tau. Murine anti human tauantibodies HJ8.5 and HJ8.7 alongside humanized variant VH1/VK2 (alsoreferred to as C₂N-8E12) were tested. FIG. 8 shows that there is asingle amino acid difference at position 32 between human and rhesustau, in the claimed binding epitope sequence GYTM(H/L)QDQ (SEQ IDNO:57). FIG. 8 shows that there is a single amino acid difference atposition 27 between human and rhesus tau, in the claimed binding epitopesequence DQ(G/E)GYT (SEQ ID NO:58). In order to determine whether theseamino acid difference between the two species of tau, impacts theability of antibodies HJ8.5/C₂N-8E12 to bind the following experimentwas performed. Binding of C₂N-8E12, HJ8.5 (murine precursor ofC₂N-8E12), and HJ8.7 (murine anti-human tau antibody that binds to anepitope of tau where the human and rhesus amino acid sequence is 100%conserved) to human and rhesus tau by coating 96 well ELISA plates witheither human or rhesus tau at various concentrations was measured. Ourresults demonstrated that C₂N-8E12 and HJ8.5 do not bind to rhesus tauwhile they do show positive binding to human tau. As expected, HJ8.7binds to both human and rhesus tau.

Example 7

FIG. 11 shows binding of humanized anti-tau antibody to tau in CSF fromhuman subjects with various tauopathies. The binding of C₂N-8E12 to tauin CSF samples from subjects diagnosed with a variety of tauopathies aswell as age matched and young normal control subjects was evaluated. Asandwich ELISA was used to demonstrate binding of C₂N-8E12 to tau inhuman CSF from subjects with AD, CBD, FTD, or PSP as well as age matchedand young/adult controls. C₂N-8E12 was used as the coating antibody tocapture tau in CSF samples. Biotinylated murine monoclonal tau antibodyHJ8.7 was used as the detection antibody. Wells coated with controlhuman IgG4 acted as the negative control for the experiments. A bigdifference in signal from C₂N-8E12 coated wells vs. control IgG4 coatedwells was observed, demonstrating specific binding of C₂N-8E12 to tau inhuman CSF samples. By including a standard curve (recombinant tau), itis possible to get quantitative information on tau concentration inthese CSF samples.

Example 8

This study is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, singleascending dose (SAD) phase 1 study to be conducted in up to ten (10)centers. It is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability,immunogenicity, and PK of single-dose administration of C₂N-8E12 and toestablish the MTD to be used in future repeat dosing studies.

The primary objective of this study is to determine the safety,tolerability, immunogenicity, and maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of asingle dose of C₂N-8E12 in subjects with PSP. Safety assessments willinclude physical and neurologic examination, clinical safety laboratorystudies, immunogenicity, adverse events, vital signs and concomitantmedication review.

The secondary objectives are to determine: Single-dose systemicpharmacokinetics including; Maximum plasma concentration after singleinfusion; Area under the curve (AUC) after single infusion; Time atwhich the maximum concentration after infusion is achieved; Terminalhalf-life of C₂N-8E12; Partition of C2N-8E12 into cerebrospinal fluid(CSF); and Biologic target engagement through the measurement of solubletau levels in blood and CSF as well as assessing the presence ofC₂N-8E12-tau complexes.

This study intends to enroll 32 subjects with PSP (24 in the treatmentarm and 8 in the placebo arm). Subjects will be enrolled in 8 blocks of4 patients, with one patient in each block randomized to placebo and 3to the current estimate of the MTD. Additional subjects may be enrolledif DLTs occur. No dose may be skipped, however, during the doseescalation process.

A continual reassessment method (CRM) for dose escalation will be usedas described in the statistical design section. A logistic model will beused to identify the probability of DLT by dose.

C₂N-8E12 will be shipped to the clinical site as a frozen liquid insingle use bottles at a nominal concentration of 20 mg/mL. Each bottlecontains 300 mg C₂N-8E12 and must be stored frozen at −70° C. to −80° C.

Patients will undergo screening to assess whether inclusion andexclusion criteria are met. Screening will also include assessments ofblood and CSF, and MRI. On the day of dosing (Day 0), a single dose ofC₂N-8E12 will be administered through an IV line and subjects will beclosely monitored at a clinical facility for 24 hours after doseadministration. This includes blood samples for safety and PKassessments. During the following 3 days, as well as at one and twoweeks after the infusion, additional clinical examination and bloodsampling will occur. An additional safety MRI and CSF sampling will beperformed 4 days post-infusion. Subjects will be followed every 28 days,for no less than two months from the date of dosing (e.g., day 56).Monthly measurements, thereafter, will continue until the earlieroccurrence of any of the following events: (i) C₂N-8E12 is no longerdetectable in blood; (ii) the Sponsor determines completion of thestudy; (iii) the subject decides to early discontinue participation inthe study.

The goal of phase 1 study includes establishment of an MTD as assessedby safety evaluations including clinical laboratory tests, physical andneurologic examinations, and occurrences of adverse events to determinea recommended range of doses for evaluation in the subsequent phase2/MAD study. Random assignment of subjects and inclusion of a placeboarm avoids bias and increases the likelihood that both known and unknownrisk factors are distributed evenly between treatment groups.

A data safety monitoring committee (DSMC) will review safety data on anongoing basis. The safety monitoring committee will be minimallycomprised of two independent physicians, one biostatistician, onephysician with expertise in PSP, and one non-voting member from theSponsor. If any individual study subject experiences SAEs, all availablesafety data for the subject will be reviewed to determine if the eventmeets the definition of DLT, and whether the MTD has been established.If MTD has not been established, and patient enrollment continues, theDSMC will provide recommendations to the Sponsor whether any furtheractions or protocol amendments are necessary to ensure the safety ofsubsequently enrolled patients. The Sponsor will make finaldeterminations on any amendments to or preliminary termination of thestudy.

A dose limiting toxicity is defined as: (i) any Grade 3 or higher AE perRheumatology Common Toxicity Criteria v2 for which there is reasonablepossibility that C₂N-8E12 caused the event; (ii) any Grade 2 AE in theNCI's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. (CTCAE)system organ class of nervous system and psychiatric disorders that isconsidered clinically significant and for which there is reasonablepossibility that C₂N-8E12 caused the event; or (iii) anyinfusion-related toxicities (e.g., allergic reaction/hypersensitivity)occurring during the infusion of C₂N-8E12 or within 24 hours aftercompleting the infusion that do not resolve promptly with a reducedinfusion rate and/or supportive care.

Dose Escalation: The assignment of subjects to dose cohorts is governedby the following rules: (1) Within each block of 4 patients, 1 patientwill be allocated to the placebo arm; (2) Complete toxicity informationis required for at least 3 patients at a dose level before escalation toa higher dose level; (3) The maximum increment of escalation from onecohort to the next is 1 dose level; and (4) At least 12 subjects (3blocks) should be dosed at the MTD dose level.

Within each 4-patient cohort, patients will be dosed sequentially, witha minimum interval of at least two days between dosing of consecutivesubjects in order to provide an additional measure of safety assurance.

The first cohort will be allocated to d₁. The statistical model will beupdated after complete toxicity information is available for eachcohort. By rule, one additional cohort may be enrolled before completeinformation is available for all subjects on the most recent cohort.Incomplete toxicity data is allowed for no more than 3 patients beforethe next cohort is enrolled and randomized.

Each subsequent cohort will be assigned to the dose that is estimated tobe the MTD according to the definition above. In the event of slowaccrual, the model may be updated as each patient enrolls and eachsubsequent patient dosed to the current estimated MTD.

Study Population: This study will enroll male and female subjects withprogressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) aged 50 to 85 years.

Inclusion Criteria: For inclusion into the study, each subject must bewilling and able to provide informed consent. Prior to initiation of thetreatment protocol, it will be confirmed that each subject is able toprovide consent for the treatment protocol. Subjects will be invited toparticipate in the study, and after signing the informed consent form,screening procedures will take place. If subjects fail to fulfill theinclusion criteria or meet any of the exclusion criteria, the subjectswill not be enrolled into the screening assessment or treatmentschedule.

Each subject must meet the following criteria to be enrolled in thisstudy: Male or female; Between 50 and 85 years of age; Meets NINDS-SPSPpossible or probable criteria as modified for NNIPPS and AL-108-231clinical trials, including: (d) supranuclear gaze palsy or decreasedsaccade velocity, (ii) gait instability or falls within the first 3years of symptoms; Brain MRI at Screening is consistent with PSP (<4microhemorrhages, and no large strokes or severe white matter disease);Score on the PSP rating scale between 20 and 50; Able to provideinformed consent to participation at baseline or if unable to provideinformed consent can provide assent to participation and has anauthorized medical representative who can provide consent; Has studypartner who sees the patient at least 5 hours per week, who canaccompany the patient to visits and consents to study participation;Other concurrent non-biologic therapies are allowed but the dose musthave been stable for at least 30 days prior to enrollment; Able to walk5 steps with minimal assistance (stabilization of one arm or use ofcane/walker); Stable medications for Parkinsonism for at least 2 monthsprior to Screening; including, levodopa, dopamine agonists, rasagaline,COMT inhibitors, amantadine, memantine or cholinesterase inhibitors;Agrees to up to 3 lumbar punctures over 4-18 months, up to 6 lumbarpunctures if the subject will participate in both the phase 1/SAD studyand the phase 2/MAD study; Signed and dated written informed consentobtained from the subject; Agree to use protocol specified methods ofcontraception (see below).

Subjects who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded fromthe study: Signs of a progressive neurological disorder that bettermeets the criteria for types of neurological disorders other than PSP,including: (a) meets criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease or (b)meets research criteria for Parkinson's Dementia with Lewy Bodies,multiple system atrophy (MSA), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS);Any malignancy (other than non-metastatic basal cell carcinoma of theskin) within 5 years of screening; Clinically significant renal orhepatic dysfunction at screening based on professional judgment ofInvestigator; Clinically significant cardiovascular event within threemonths prior to study entry, based on professional judgment ofInvestigator; Clinically significant abnormal hematology or chemistrylaboratory test results during screening, based on professional judgmentof Investigator; Have received any prior monoclonal antibody therapy forany reason within the last 90 days or received any other investigationalagent within the previous 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer).Prior administration of C₂N-8E12 does not apply to this exclusioncriteria and, therefore, does not disqualify a subject fromparticipating in the phase 2/MAD study; Currently on any other biologicor immunomodulatory therapy; Disease duration of greater than 5 yearssince onset of symptoms; Midbrain volume >8,600 mm³ on screening MRIscan; Subjects that reside at a skilled nursing or dementia carefacility; Has clear evidence of motor neuron disease on examination,consistent with ALS pathology (this has been described in C90RF72carriers with CBS presentation); Diagnosis of any other significantunrelated neurological or psychiatric disorders that could account forcognitive deficits (e.g., active seizure disorder, stroke, vasculardementia), based on professional judgment of Investigator; Untreatedmajor depression at baseline evaluation, based on clinical judgment andresults in GDS; History of other major psychiatric illness; Any priorhistory of suicidal attempts; Severe cognitive impairment as assessed byMMSE (<17) that in the Investigator's opinion would preclude collectionof outcome measures; Not being able to participate in evaluationprotocol; Significant, abnormal values in general from blood samplestaken at screening that would pose a safety risk or interfere withappropriate interpretation of study data; Current or recent history(within four weeks prior to Screening) of a clinically significantbacterial, fungal, or mycobacterial infection; Unable to tolerate MRIscan at Screening or any other contraindication to MRI; Anycontraindication to or unable to tolerate lumbar puncture at Screening,including use of anti-coagulant medications such as warfarin. Dailyadministration of 81 mg aspirin or similar anticoagulants will beallowed as long as the dose is stable for 30 days prior to Screening;Subjects who, in the opinion of the Investigator, are unable or unlikelyto comply with the dosing schedule or study evaluations; Participationin another interventional clinical trial within 3 months of Screening;Treatment with another investigational drug within 30 days of Screening;Any preexisting QTcF duration exceeding 450 ms; Subject is employee orfamily member of the Sponsor or investigational site staff member ortheir family members.

Subjects must agree to use (and/or have their partner use) acceptablemethods of contraception beginning at the baseline visit throughout thestudy and until 56 days after the last dose of study drug in the lasttreatment period. Acceptable methods of contraception are listed below.

Study drug: The phase 1/SAD study will use C₂N-8E12 from DP Lot#1018775—the Research Cell Bank (RCB) material currently being used inthe Expanded Access IND 119404. It is formulated in 25 mM acetate bufferat pH 5.5, and it is provided at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. Placebo:Placebo is formulated identically to C₂N-8E12 without the active studydrug.

Dose Rationale: The maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) wascalculated using the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance forIndustry “Estimating the Safe Starting Dose in the Clinical Trials forTherapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers”. Per the guidance, forinvestigational therapeutic proteins with molecular weight >100,000Daltons that are administered IV, the MRSD should be estimated bynormalizing across species instead of via body surface area scaling.Based upon the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) observed of 250 mg/kg inthe mouse toxicology study, a standard safety factor of 10 limits thedose to 25 mg/kg.

The starting dose for phase 1/SAD study will be 2.5 mg/kg dosed IV. Thisstarting dose is 10 times lower than the maximally allowed starting dosebased on a 4-week mouse toxicology study and 6 times lower than thecurrent maximal dose (15 mg/kg) administered in the Expanded Access andcompassionate use human treatment protocols involving C₂N-8E12 (seeInvestigator's Brochure).

Based on preliminary plasma PK from a single patient trial, it ispossible to estimate the percent of tau in CSF that is bound by C₂N-8E12at various times after a 2.5 mg/kg dose of C₂N-8EI2. For thiscalculation, it is assumed that the CSF concentration for a humanizedantibodies is 0.1% of the plasma concentration and that theconcentration of tau in CSF is 500 pg/mL. Based on these assumptions, adose of 2.5 mg/kg will lead to a CSF concentration of C₂N-8E12 over thefirst month that is between 3 to 40 times higher than the molarconcentration of tau in CSF. Based on the K_(D) of C₂N8E12, the 2.5mg/kg dose will lead to 3-26% of tau in CSF being bound by the antibody.Similar modeling has been performed on the PK data from the highest doseadministered to humans to date (15 mg/kg) and estimated that the averagetau binding over the 28 day period is around 50% (max 72% bound, min40%). There will likely also be an abundance of extracellular taupresent in the brain that is not accessible through the CSF compartment,but to which the antibody will be able to bind. Therefore, doseescalation will proceed to 25 mg/kg to assess safety of a dose that willlikely lead to significant target engagement in the brain.

Unless approved by the Investigator, during the treatment period, nostudy subject should receive: Any other biologic or immunomodulatorytherapy; Any other investigational agent; Warfarin; Any anticoagulant(other than 81 mg daily aspirin) for a condition for which temporarycessation of the treatment prior to CSF sampling would provide a medicalhazard.

Informed Consent: After providing informed consent, each subject willundergo screening assessments to reconfirm that the inclusion criteriacan be fulfilled, and that no contraindications exist to receivingtreatment under this protocol. Specifically, each subject will beassessed at screening with a clinical and neurological examination toconfirm the diagnosis. A brief cognitive screening with PSP ratingsscale and a depression scale with interview will be made and a completemedical and drug/medication history will be obtained. If the subjectfulfills all inclusion criteria and lacks exclusion criteria, furtherinvestigations will be performed. The Screening visit occurs 28 days to7 days before the Baseline/Day 0 Visit.

Pharmacokinetic Assessments: Samples will be collected for PK analysisat various time points described in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Post Pre- 15 min 28 28 dose (#) 3 hrs 6 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs168 hrs 336 hrs days day X X X X X X X X X X (@)(*) If an early termination occurs, a final blood sample will beobtained at the Early Termination Visit for final PK assessment;(#) Within 15 minutes of infusion completion;(@) Post day 28, PK samples will be taken every 28 days until theearlier occurrence of either of the following events: (i) studytermination; (ii) the absence of any detectable blood levels ofC₂N-8EI2.

Adverse Events Assessments: The following safety assessment will beconducted in order to monitor for AEs: Vital signs (blood pressure,pulse/heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, SPO2); Completeneurologic exam, including a cognitive assessment (mental status tests);Laboratory tests: (1) Hematology panel: complete blood count (CBC) withdifferential, hematocrit, and hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count; (2)Chemistry panel: serum electrolytes, glucose, uric acid, blood ureanitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, albumin, bilirubin (total,direct and indirect), alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT), iron, cholesterol panel, CPK, amylase,and lipase; (3) Coagulation panel: Prothrombin Time (PT), INR, andPartial Thromboplastin Time (PTT); Urinalysis, including measurement ofHb, WBC, and protein content; ECG—continuous monitoring or 12 lead ECG;MRI brain imaging, including fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR); A CSF sampling with measurement of cell counts (WBC and RBC),total protein and glucose.

Determination of C2N-8E12 in human plasma and CSF: Sandwich ELISA assayshave been developed for measuring the concentration of C2N-8E12 inplasma and CSF. Charles River Laboratories has validated these assaysfor use in a variety of different matrices (See Table 4).

TABLE 4 CRL Study # Study Title 20056682 Validation of an Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbent Completed Assay (ELISA) Method for the Determination ofC₂N-8E12 in Human Plasma (K2EDTA) 20057088 Validation of anEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ongoing (ELISA) Method for theDetermination of C₂N-8E12 in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

Determination of anti-C2N-8E12 antibodies in human plasma: Blood sampleswill be collected for assessment of anti-drug antibody (ADA) developmentprior to initial dosing and on day 14 and 28 post-administration ofdrug. A final measurement will occur at termination. An ECL basedsandwich ELISA assay has been developed for measuring the presence ofantibodies against C₂N-8E12 in plasma (ADA). Charles River Laboratorieshas validated this assay for detection of ADA response in human plasma(See Table 5).

TABLE 5 CRL Study # Study Title 20056686 Validation of a QualitativeElectrochemiluminescent (ECL) Complete Assay for the Detection ofanti-C₂N-8E12 Antibodies in Human Plasma (K2EDTA)

Clinical and functional assessments include Colombia-Suicide SeverityRating Scale: As a safety parameter, the Columbia-Suicide SeverityRating Scale (C-SSRS) for suicidal ideation will be used (Posner et al.2011). Geriatric Depression Scale: Similar to the C-SSRS, the GeriatricDepression Scale (GDS) will be used to assess overall mood during thestudy. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a 30-item self-reportassessment used to identify depression in the elderly (Yesavage et al.1983). PSP Rating Scale: The PSP Rating Scale (PSPRS) will be used atscreening for inclusion as well as baseline and end of the study toassess changes in the scale over time (Golbe and Ohman-Strickland 2007).Clinical Global Impressions: The clinical Global Impressions rate ofchange (CGIc) and severity (CGIs) scales will be used to assess severityof symptoms. Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living: The Schwaband England Activities of Daily Living (SEADL) scale will be used as ameans of assessing the subjects ability to perform daily activities(Schwab and England 1969). Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of BoxesFrontotemporal Lobe Dementia: The Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of BoxesFrontotemporal Lobe Dementia (CDR-SB-FTLD) is a version of the CDR-SBcognitive assessment test that includes assessment of behavior,comportment, personality, and language (Knopman et al. 2008). MiniMental State Examination: The mini mental state examination (MMSE) is areliable 30-point questionnaire that measures cognitive impairment(Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh 1975).

Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF will be drawn from the L3-4 interspace bylumbar puncture. If CSF sampling is not successful CT/fluoro guidedlumbar puncture can be used at the discretion of the local clinical sitestaff as per local protocol. Safety labs on CSF will be analyzed locallyat the applicable clinical site after each lumbar puncture/CSFcollection. These measures include: cell counts (WBC and RBC), totalprotein and glucose. Other CSF measurements (e.g., C2N-8E12concentration, target engagement and other exploratory biomarkers) willbe analyzed by the applicable designated laboratory.

Imaging: The subject will also receive a baseline MRI scan withstructural, FLAIR, diffusion-weighted and susceptibility weightedimaging. Post-dosing imaging analyses will be performed according to theSchedule of Events.

Exploratory pharmacogenomic analysis: A blood sample will be collectedfor DNA extraction at baseline. All individuals will undergo an extendedMAPT haplotype sequence analysis to determine H1(A-D) and H2 carrierstatus. DNA will be extracted from the samples and the DNA shipped tothe designated pharmacogenomic core for this study.

Subjects will be enrolled in this study until the earlier occurrence ofany of the following events: (i) they complete their participation andthe entire Schedule of Events; (ii) they or the Investigator decide(s)to terminate their participation; or (iii) the applicable subjectexperiences any DLT or any SAE that an Investigator deems to precludefurther participation in this study and precludes eligibility for thesubsequent phase 2/MAD study. Additionally, at the discretion of theInvestigator, subjects who cease to meet any inclusion criterion, ormeet one or more exclusion criterion during the study, may be determinedineligible to continue participating in the study or for subsequentparticipation in the phase 2/MAD study.

1.-59. (canceled)
 60. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an anti-tau antibody comprising: a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.
 61. The vector of claim 60, wherein the vector is an expression vector.
 62. An isolated host cell comprising the vector of claim
 61. 63. The host cell of claim 62, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
 64. The host cell of claim 63, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.
 65. A method of producing an anti-tau antibody, comprising culturing a cell of claim 64, thereby producing an anti-tau antibody.
 66. The method of claim 65, further comprising isolating the anti-tau antibody from culture media.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the expression is at least 11.3 micrograms per mL of culture media.
 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the expression is 13.1 micrograms per mL of culture media.
 69. The method of claim 65, wherein the expression is 13.4 micrograms per mL of culture media.
 70. The vector of claim 60, wherein the vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding an anti-tau antibody comprising: the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 13. 71. The vector of claim 70, wherein the vector is an expression vector.
 72. An isolated host cell comprising the vector of claim
 71. 73. The host cell of claim 72, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
 74. The host cell of claim 73, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.
 75. A method of producing an anti-tau antibody, comprising culturing a cell of claim 74, thereby producing an anti-tau antibody.
 76. The method of claim 75, further comprising isolating the anti-tau antibody from culture media.
 77. The method of claim 75, wherein the expression is at least 11.3 micrograms per mL of culture media.
 78. The method of claim 75, wherein the expression is 13.1 micrograms per mL of culture media.
 79. The method of claim 75, wherein the expression is 13.4 micrograms per mL of culture media. 